Asreml-r 3 manual
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To our knowledge, there are no reports related to the genomic prediction of traits associated to the maize responsiveness to PGPB on the available literature. Genomic prediction has been routinely implemented in maize breeding programs and is the object of study of several authors. The use of genomic enabled approaches, as the genomic prediction, can be beneficial in this situations. The evaluation of the maize responsiveness to PGPBs, as Azospirillum sp., is laborious and time-consuming. In this context, the diallel mating designs can be a useful approach for these studies, once it determines the genetic control and the relative importance of additive and non-additive genetic effects associated to agronomically important traits. Knowledge about the genetic control and inheritance of this association could help breeders to establish selection strategies for the partnership-related plant traits, which will enable the development of new cultivars with better responsiveness to inoculation.
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Genotypes may vary according to the amount and composition of the substances released in the exudates, as well the genes related to the plant defense mechanisms, directly affecting the responses to the inoculation. Previous studies have shown differential responses among plant genotypes to Azospirillum sp. In this sense, the genetic background of both host plant and bacteria plays a crucial role in the regulation of this partnership. The plant-PGPB association establishment involves complex mechanisms. Other beneficial effects of its use include the ability to modulate the root architecture, leading to a greater exploration of the soil and root expansion to deeper soil layers improving the access to water and nutrients. in cropping areas increase up to 30% the grain yield and reduce up to 25% in N fertilizer needs. have been extensively studied for agricultural purposes due to the excellent potential for response in association with cereal crops, such as maize. In this context, the species belonging to the genus is Azospirillum sp. The presence of these mechanisms permits certain strains to be used commercially as inoculants, which is a sustainable alternative to the use of chemical fertilizers and to mitigate biotic and abiotic stress. In recent years, several Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) have been isolated, and their beneficial effects on the production of phytohormones and biological nitrogen fixation (N) have been identified. brasilense and important insights to be applied in maize breeding aiming the development of superior hybrids for this association. Finally, our findings provide an understanding of the quantitative variation of maize responsiveness to A. brasilense ranged from 0.42 to 0.78, depending on the scenario and trait, and were higher, in most cases, than the non-inoculated treatment.
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Prediction accuracies for N stress plus A. Heterosis was weakly influenced by the inoculation, and the heterozygosity and N status in the plant can have a role in the benefits that can be obtained from this Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB). The GCA in the inoculated treatment presented a greater magnitude than the control, whereas the opposite was observed for SCA. The genotypes showed significant inoculation effect for five root traits, and the GCA and SCA were significant for both.
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In addition, the genomic models were fitted considering parametric (G-BLUP) and semi-parametric (RKHS) kernels. The diallel analyses were performed using mixed model equations, and the genomic prediction models accounted for the general and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA, respectively) and the presence or not of G×E effects.
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For that, we evaluated 118 hybrids under two contrasting scenarios: i) N stress (control) and ii) N stress plus A. Hence, our aim was to study the genetic control, heterosis effect and the prediction accuracy of the shoot and root traits of maize in response to A. Several studies have shown differences in the abilities of maize genotypes to facilitate or impede Azospirillum brasilense colonization and to receive benefits from this association.